A theoretical and hierarchical framework of technologies, skills, and circularity towards industry 5.0

Industry 5.0 emphasises human-centric technologies (HCTs) as essential drivers of sustainable and resilient production. However, their specific contributions to Circular Economy (CE) strategies and the associated skill requirements are not well-defined. This paper investigates how HCTs support Circular Economy practices (CEPs) and which skills and competencies are needed for their effective implementation. A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science, following established guidelines. The search employed a string that links Industry 5.0, human-centricity, and the 10 R framework of CE. After a multi-stage screening and snowballing process, 41 peer-reviewed contributions published between 2015 and 2025 were selected for analysis through a combination of bibliometric and qualitative content analysis. The review maps the main HCTs, such as AI, digital twin, XR, robotics, blockchain, and IoT, to CEPs and specific 10 R strategies. It identifies seven clusters of skills ranging from analytical and decision-making abilities to human-machine collaboration, CEspecific expertise, and green human resource management practices. A Sankey diagram visualises the primary linkages between technology and strategy. Then, the authors developed a framework (TSC framework) that links skill clusters, CE practices, and enabling technologies and validated it through an illustrative case study. Interpreting the findings through the Resource-Based View, the paper argues that value arises from sociotechnical bundles that integrate technologies, circular practices, and human capabilities. The study concludes with implications for policymakers, educators, and practitioners and outlines potential avenues for future research on skills for human-centred circularity.