Towards integrating occupant behaviour modelling in simulation-aided building design: Reasons, challenges and solutions

Occupant behaviour is an important source of uncertainty in building energy performance simulations. This has led to the development and integration of different modelling approaches that represent the complex, stochastic nature of human-building interaction. Yet, several barriers prevent their wide use in simulation-aided building design. The procedures and practical solutions for integrating occupant behaviour models are segmented through the literature. Accordingly, this paper examines the state-of-the-art in the application of occupant behaviour models. Based on the PRISMA methodology, the literature is critically analysed to: i) identify and map the barriers between theory and application; ii) propose a simulation framework establishing the steps for integrating occupant behaviour models into building performance simulations; iii) synthetise practical solutions and highlight remaining challenges towards a simulation framework adequately integrating occupant behaviour. The paper stresses the added value within the decision-making process at different building design stages. Furthermore, key elements for identifying the appropriated modelling approach for each occupant behaviour aspect are presented considering factors such as type of behaviour, building type, and spatial and temporal scale. Ultimately, this critical review establishes guidelines for the integration of occupant behaviour into building design practice and defines a research pathway for bridging the gap between the OB research field and the simulation-aided building design practice.