Dynamic Modeling of Distributed Energy Hubs Within a Smart DC Railway Electrification System

This paper presents the dynamic modeling and simulation of an integrated and distributed energy hub for a DC railway system, including a PhotoVoltaic (PV) generator, a stationary Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and an Electric Vehicle (EV) charging station. State-space averaged models are developed for all power electronic interfaces to ensure computational efficiency while preserving system dynamics. A fuzzy logic-based Energy Management System (EMS) is implemented to coordinate power flow between subsystems and maintain DC bus voltage stability under varying load, solar generation, and train operation conditions. The system is evaluated considering rapid variations in solar irradiance, high and low EV demand, and train activity during rush and off-peak hours.