Design of an energy management-based model predictive control for catenary-free hybrid trains

This paper proposes an energy management system based on model predictive control (MPC) for catenary-free hybrid trains powered by supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Spurred by South Africa's railway case study, where the catenary-free scenario is common due to the lack of cabled tracks in several areas, the proposed MPC has the capability of enhancing efficiency and reliability while optimizing power distribution. Simulation results and a comparative analysis with respect to the train currently operating on the same route and a heuristic-based approach demonstrate significant cost savings in both operational and building expenses. Additionally, energy losses are reduced, further improving the overall performance.