Introduction to Digital Twins and Artificial Intelligence

This chapter introduces digital twin and artificial intelligence technologies as overarching concepts applicable across the multidisciplinary initiatives of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. It begins by tracing the evolution of relevant definitions and terminology from their historical roots to the present day. While these technologies have broad applicability across various disciplines, this chapter focuses on their transition to tasks specific to the rail domain. The chapter further seeks to establish a shared understanding of the advantages, challenges, and limitations of integrating fundamental aspects of both technologies. It also explores their applicability and implementation within the rail sector, considering existing standards, specifications, and their use in complex systems and applications.