Understanding Non-Verbal Irony Markers: Machine Learning Insights Versus Human Judgment

Irony detection is a complex task that often stumps both humans, who frequently misinterpret ironic statements, and artifcial intelligence (AI) systems. While the majority of AI research on irony detection has concentrated on linguistic cues, the role of non-verbal cues like facial expressions and auditory signals has been largely overlooked. This paper investigates the efectiveness of machine learning models in recognizing irony using solely non-verbal cues. To this end, we conducted the following experiments and analysis: (i) we trained and evaluated some machine-learning models to detect irony; (ii) we compared the results with human interpretations; and (iii) we analysed and identifed multi-modal non-verbal irony markers. Our research demonstrates that machine learning models trained on nonverbal data have shown signifcant promise in detecting irony, outperforming human judgments in this task. Specifcally, we found that certain facial action units and acoustic characteristics of speech are key indicators of irony expression. These non-verbal cues, often overlooked in traditional irony detection methods, were efectively identifed by machine learning models, leading to improved accuracy in detecting irony.