Object-oriented modelling and simulation for the ALFRED dynamics

In this paper, a control-oriented modelling and simulation tool for the study of the Advanced Lead-cooled Fast Reactor European Demonstrator (ALFRED) plant dynamics is presented. It has been developed in order to perform design-basis transient analyses aimed at providing essential feedbacks for the system design finalization. The simulator has been meant to be modular, open and efficient. In this perspective, an object-oriented modelling approach has been adopted, by employing the reliable, tested and well documented Modelica language. Simulation of core behaviour is based on point kinetics for neutronics and one-dimensional heat transfer models for thermal-hydraulics, coherently with ALFRED specifications. An effort has been spent to model the bayonet-tube Steam Generator (SG) foreseen to be installed within the reactor vessel. The primary loop model has been built by connecting the above-mentioned components (taking into account suitable time delays) and by incorporating the cold pool, which has revealed to be fundamental for an accurate definition of the time constants characteristic of the system because of its large thermal inertia. The description of the overall plant has been finalized by connecting standard turbine, condenser and other components of the balance of plant. Afterwards, the reactor responses to three typical transient initiators have been simulated (i.e., reduction of feedwater mass flow rate, variation of the turbine admission valve coefficient and transient of overpower). Simulation outcomes confirm the strong coupling between core and SG, besides showing the characteristic time constants of the various component responses. Results of the present study constitute a starting point in the definition of plant control strategies, laying the basis for investigation and development of a model-based control-system design.