Formation of clay intercalates with organic bilayers in hydrocarbon polymers

The formation of clay intercalates with three different kinds of organic ammonium salts, when mixed in the presence of synthetic or natural polyisoprene rubber, has been investigated. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments have shown that intercalates with organic bilayers, rather than with interdigitated organic monolayers, are obtained only for the ammonium salts presenting two long alkyl chains and only in the presence of the natural rubber (NR). These results have been qualitatively rationalized on the basis of suitable interlayer densities. Both monolayer and bilayer clay intercalates remain stable for short-term heating procedures at temperatures lower than 250 degrees C. For treatments at higher temperatures, where the decomposition of the organic ammonium salt occurs, both kinds of clay intercalates maintain intralayer crystalline order. However, the decomposition of the organic modifier leads to the formation of pristine and exfoliated clay for the intercalates with organic monolayers and bilayers, respectively.