Heterogeneous and homogenized FE models for the limit analysis of out-of-plane loaded masonry walls

In the present contribution, a full 3D heterogeneous and a 2D homogenized kinematic FE limit analysis approach are employed for the evaluation of collapse loads and failure mechanisms of both running and English bond masonry slabs simply supported at the edges and out-of-plane loaded. Information at failure given by the full 3D approach underlines that particular care should be used in the evaluation of collapse loads with 2D approaches in case of multi-wythes panels.