Exploring the potential of experimental governance models for commons-based innovation in cities. A systematic review

The rapid urbanization of the 21st century has positioned cities as critical arenas for addressing Grand Societal Challenges (GSCs) - complex, systemic issues that exacerbate resource constraints and inequalities. Innovation holds significant potential to address these challenges, but its governance must effectively navigate unintended consequences. Traditional economic-driven governance models often fail to address the multifaceted nature of urban challenges. In contrast, experimental governance models offer common-based, collaborative, stakeholder-driven approaches where resources and innovation are collectively governed for the common good. This research, through a systematic literature review, examines whether and how such urban experimental models support commons-based innovation by analysing their objectives, actor participation, governance frameworks, and impacts. Using Heeks et al.'s (2013) inclusive innovation framework and Ostrom's theory of Commons (1990) as theoretical lens to interpret the literature findings, our study highlights that while many urban experimentations aim to generate positive societal impacts, only a few implement true commons-based innovation characterized by collective ownership, resource sharing, and adaptive governance. Key challenges in the reviewed literature include institutional capacity gaps, inequitable resource distribution, and the scalability of grassroots initiatives. This study underscores the need for inclusive processes that mitigate inequalities while fostering long-term resilience and social cohesion, offering insights into how urban experimental governance models can reconcile equity, adaptability, and systemic impact.