The Milan metropolitan area has consolidated its position as Italy’s leading data centre hub, accounting for more than two-thirds of the country’s installed IT power capacity. This agglomeration process presents significant similarities with the development of the “Milan Logistics Region”: the availability of energy infrastructure, connectivity and specialised services generates cumulative effects of spatial concentration. Compared with logistics facilities, however, data centres combine relatively low levels of direct employment with high energy and infrastructure requirements, raising new challenges for sustainability and territorial governance. This paper provides a critical assessment of the externalities associated with the expansion of digital infrastructure, highlighting how national and Lombardy regulatory frameworks have so far predominantly addressed environmental impacts – including energy efficiency, renewable energy, waste-heat recovery and water consumption – while socioeconomic and territorial impacts remain insufficiently considered. These include increasing pressure on energy grids, the territorial distribution of related costs and the capacity of local communities to negotiate adequate compensation measures. The paper also explores the indirect relationship between data centres, the expansion of digital commerce and the weakening of urban proximity economies. As the physical infrastructure underpinning digital platforms, data centres support forms of e-commerce that are likely to intensify with the emergence of AI-driven agentic commerce. Against this background, the recent initiative by the Lombardy Region to include support for local Commercial Districts (Distretti del Commercio) among the compensation measures associated with new data centre developments represents an initial attempt to integrate socioeconomic considerations into their regulation. The paper therefore argues for an integrated governance approach to digital infrastructure, capable of jointly addressing environmental, energy-related, socioeconomic and territorial externalities. Such an approach is required to avoid reproducing the shortcomings of the ex post regulation of e-commerce logistics and the resulting spatial asymmetry between locally concentrated costs and supra-local benefits.
L’area metropolitana milanese si è consolidata come il principale polo italiano per la localizzazione dei data center, concentrando oltre due terzi della potenza IT installata a livello nazionale. Tale processo di agglomerazione presenta analogie con la formazione della “Regione Logistica Milanese”: la disponibilità di infrastrutture energetiche, connettività e servizi specializzati genera effetti cumulativi di concentrazione territoriale. Rispetto alla logistica, tuttavia, i data center associano una limitata intensità occupazionale diretta a un’elevata domanda energetica e infrastrutturale, ponendo nuove questioni di sostenibilità e governo del territorio. Il contributo propone una lettura critica delle esternalità connesse alla crescente infrastrutturazione digitale, evidenziando come il quadro regolativo nazionale e lombardo abbia finora privilegiato gli impatti ambientali – efficienza energetica, fonti rinnovabili, recupero del calore e consumo idrico – mentre quelli socioeconomici e territoriali rimangono scarsamente considerati. Tra questi assumono particolare rilevanza la pressione sulle reti energetiche, la distribuzione territoriale dei relativi costi e la capacità delle comunità locali di negoziare adeguate misure compensative. Una specifica prospettiva riguarda inoltre il rapporto indiretto tra data center, crescita del commercio digitale e indebolimento delle economie urbane di prossimità. In quanto infrastrutture materiali abilitanti delle piattaforme digitali, i data center sostengono forme di e-commerce destinate a intensificarsi con la diffusione dell’agentic commerce basato sull’intelligenza artificiale. In questo quadro, il recente indirizzo della Regione Lombardia volto a includere il sostegno ai Distretti del Commercio tra le misure compensative associate ai nuovi insediamenti costituisce un primo tentativo di integrare la dimensione socioeconomica nella loro regolazione. Il contributo evidenzia pertanto la necessità di un approccio integrato alla governance delle infrastrutture digitali, capace di considerare congiuntamente esternalità ambientali, energetiche, socioeconomiche e territoriali, evitando di riprodurre le criticità già emerse nella regolazione ex post della logistica dell’e-commerce e l’asimmetria tra costi locali e benefici sovralocali.
Il costo nascosto dell’Intelligenza artificiale
Tamini L.
2026-01-01
Abstract
The Milan metropolitan area has consolidated its position as Italy’s leading data centre hub, accounting for more than two-thirds of the country’s installed IT power capacity. This agglomeration process presents significant similarities with the development of the “Milan Logistics Region”: the availability of energy infrastructure, connectivity and specialised services generates cumulative effects of spatial concentration. Compared with logistics facilities, however, data centres combine relatively low levels of direct employment with high energy and infrastructure requirements, raising new challenges for sustainability and territorial governance. This paper provides a critical assessment of the externalities associated with the expansion of digital infrastructure, highlighting how national and Lombardy regulatory frameworks have so far predominantly addressed environmental impacts – including energy efficiency, renewable energy, waste-heat recovery and water consumption – while socioeconomic and territorial impacts remain insufficiently considered. These include increasing pressure on energy grids, the territorial distribution of related costs and the capacity of local communities to negotiate adequate compensation measures. The paper also explores the indirect relationship between data centres, the expansion of digital commerce and the weakening of urban proximity economies. As the physical infrastructure underpinning digital platforms, data centres support forms of e-commerce that are likely to intensify with the emergence of AI-driven agentic commerce. Against this background, the recent initiative by the Lombardy Region to include support for local Commercial Districts (Distretti del Commercio) among the compensation measures associated with new data centre developments represents an initial attempt to integrate socioeconomic considerations into their regulation. The paper therefore argues for an integrated governance approach to digital infrastructure, capable of jointly addressing environmental, energy-related, socioeconomic and territorial externalities. Such an approach is required to avoid reproducing the shortcomings of the ex post regulation of e-commerce logistics and the resulting spatial asymmetry between locally concentrated costs and supra-local benefits.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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