R&D spillovers, patents and the incentives to innovate in Japan and the United States

National surveys of RandD labs across the manufacturing sectors in the US and Japan show that intraindustry RandD knowledge flows and spillovers are greater in Japan than in the US and the appropriability of rents due to innovation less. Patents in particular are observed to play a more central role in diffusing information across rivals in Japan, and appear to be a key reason for greater intraindustry RandD spillovers there, suggesting that patent policy can importantly affect information flows. Uses of patents differ between the two nations, with strategic uses of patents, particularly for negotiations, being more common in Japan. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.