Combining citizen science, environmental DNA, and whale watching to foster public engagement in marine biodiversity conservation

The rapid decline of marine biodiversity is a critical global challenge that requires immediate and sustained conservation action. Public support is essential for effective management and long-term conservation outcomes. Enhancing awareness of the ecological importance of marine biodiversity is key to fostering public engagement. Within the framework of the Biodiversa+ eWHALE project, this study assesses the effectiveness of combining non-invasive environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling, whale watching, and citizen science to promote environmental awareness among whale watching tourists. Participants from three European regions directly observed eDNA sampling during typical whale watching tours, facilitating hands-on engagement with conservation practices. Pre-and post-tour surveys (n=172 and n=106, respectively) were analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis and nonparametric tests. While most tourists demonstrated general awareness of biodiversity and conservation issues, nearly 80% were initially unaware of eDNA's role in marine monitoring. Results showed a significant increase in knowledge after the activity, regardless of tour duration. These results suggest that integrating eDNA sampling into citizen science-based ecotourism can effectively bridge knowledge gaps and encourage public participation in marine conservation. This participatory approach offers a scalable, costeffective strategy that supports biodiversity monitoring and reinforces inclusive, adaptive ocean and coastal management frameworks.