Evaluating the Multi-Functional Benefits of Urban Green Infrastructure for Climate Adaptation: A Nature-Based Approach in Konak District, Izmir

Climate change is a reality, and the entire world is experiencing its effects. Coastal areas are highly affected by climate change. In addition to effects such as heat waves, floods, droughts, and decreased biodiversity, coastal areas are threatened by sea level rise and erosion. Türkiye, one of the most exposed countries, has struggled with an average temperature increase of 1 °C in the last decade. The coastal city of Izmir, Türkiye’s third largest city, has become vulnerable under increasing population pressure, causing massive urbanization of the fringe. This research investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing NatureBased Solutions (NBS) in the Konak district, which represents one of the city’s most ecologically vulnerable urban areas due to limited green space and high density. Within Konak, Alsancak, being one of its most historical neighborhoods, is used as a pilot site to test spatial interventions. The study aims to enhance coastal resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts. To achieve this, Geographic Information System (GIS) and InVEST tools were employed to evaluate key ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, urban heat island mitigation, air quality, and habitat quality. The vulnerability of Izmir, particularly Konak, to sea level rise, storm surges, and erosion was analyzed. Potential NBS suitable for adaptation were identified through parametric analysis. The socio-economic and environmental benefits of NBS were compared with traditional engineering-based solutions under two scenarios. Based on the findings, a comprehensive design proposal was developed to integrate NBS into the urban context. The reuse of postindustrial sites, such as the Sümerbank Factory, is proposed to enhance ecosystem connectivity and resilience. This research aims to serve as a roadmap for other coastal cities facing similar climate challenges.