Object-oriented modeling and simulation of heat pipe thermoelectric generator systems and its application

A heat-pipe thermoelectric generator system is technically optimal to combined with other energy sources converting heat to electricity in multiple applications for its unique advanced features. This study addresses the challenge of optimizing the efficiency and safety margin of the system by focusing on the critical multi-physical coupling performance between heat pipes and thermoelectric generators. Using an object-oriented approach with Modelica, we developed novel models—a heat pipe model integrating two-dimensional transient heat conduction with one-dimensional pressure equations and a thermoelectric generator model incorporating three thermoelectric effects and contact resistances. These models were validated against existing studies, showing general relative deviations less than 5%. Application to the NUSTER-100 system yielded results aligning with the findings in the reference and relative deviations around 5%, demonstrating feasibility and fidelity in simulating complex energy conversion systems under steady-state and transient conditions. The novelty lies in the comprehensive modeling of the coupled performance at the system level, enhancing understanding and application beyond previous isolated studies.