Drivers, barriers and interventions for green hydrogen supply chains: A multi-actor framework

Green hydrogen is seen as a critical enabler for global decarbonization. Nevertheless, the development of viable green hydrogen supply chains (GHSCs) remains limited. This study applies transition theory through the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) to rigorously examine the complex dynamics shaping GHSC development from a multi-actor viewpoint. Based on an abductive multiple case study of twelve companies actively investing or planning to invest in GHSCs in Finland, we develop a conceptual framework that identifies the key drivers, barriers, and interventions influencing GHSC emergence and introduction into the socio-technical regime. The core systemic drivers and barriers are categorized across five dimensions: demand, economic aspects, technology and infrastructure, actor dynamics, and regulation and policies. The empirical findings emphasize that effective scale-up is hindered primarily by economic and institutional factors, instead of purely technological ones. This study also demonstrates that interventions must fit the distinct motivations and constraints faced by heterogeneous actors operating across the GHSC. Therefore, we provide actionable policy insights, specifying the demand for clear mechanisms, such as harmonized certification systems or industrial standards, to create the ground for collaborative long-term off-taker agreements with the ultimate effect of mitigating investment risks and fostering institutional alignment. These insights are particularly applicable in hard-to-abate sectors.