Powering future urban transport: a renewable-based electrification model for public transit–A Mediterranean case study

Transportation is a major contributor to Greenhouse Gas emissions and climate change. To achieve net-zero targets, global policies increasingly promote transport electrification combined with renewable energy integration. This study proposes a scalable methodology for decarbonizing Local Public Transport (LPT) systems through the electrification of services supported by photovoltaic (PV)-based microgrids and storage systems. The methodology begins with the definition of routes, stops, and vehicle schedules, considering commercial speeds and consumption patterns to determine fleet size and energy demand. Based on this demand, a PV-powered microgrid, optimally sized using HOMER software and supplemented with storage, is designed to ensure a continuous supply, including nighttime charging. A case study in Alexandria, Egypt, characterized by traffic congestion and poor air quality, demonstrates the approach. Two new depots with PV capacities of 12.143 MW and 8.873 MW were modeled, capable of powering the entire service while generating profitable excess electricity. The system is projected to save 17,544 tons of CO2 annually, corresponding to $1.4 million in avoided emission costs. Sensitivity analysis varying speeds, frequencies, and irradiance confirms the system's robustness across diverse scenarios. Simulations reduce waiting times to 10 min, enhancing service quality. The methodology offers a practical and replicable strategy for creating 100 % green, well-to-wheel zero-emission transport systems. Its scalability allows adaptation to different urban contexts, while excess electricity can further enhance economic sustainability. Although the absence of passenger demand data limits precision, the approach provides a robust framework to guide urban mobility electrification in support of national net-zero objectives.