How information systems can support labor flexibility implementation: enhanced information architecture framework for industry 5.0

In Industry 5.0, where human-centricity, resilience, and customization are prioritized, implementing labor flexibility (LF) poses a persistent challenge, especially for make-to-order (MTO) systems. Although the benefits of LF are conceptually understood, effective frameworks for its practical deployment, particularly in data-scarce and digitally diverse environments, remain insufficient. This study addresses this gap by (i) employing discrete-event simulation (DES) to determine optimal thresholds for labor relocation and evaluate performance trade-offs, and (ii) proposing FlexiFlow, a structured information architecture framework designed to support LF implementation across different levels of digital maturity. The simulation identifies relocation logic and training setups that significantly reduce lead time while minimizing unnecessary labor movements. FlexiFlow complements this by guiding manufacturers, particularly small enterprises, in collecting and managing essential operational data for LF without necessitating full manufacturing execution systems (MESs) integration. Together, the results and framework provide actionable strategies that align with Industry 5.0's vision for adaptive, efficient, and human-centered production systems.