Three Spatial Methods for Assessing PM10 Concentration in the Lombardy Region

This article proposes three spatial statistics approaches for estimating the distribution of PM10 concentrations in Lombardy, enabling the construction of exceedance probability maps to support regulatory risk assessment beyond mean-based summaries. By relying on daily PM10 concentration data, the analysis explores how different statistical paradigms and input resolutions influence spatial predictions. The obtained results show that the considered distributional approaches offer flexible tools for characterizing pollution variability, supporting robust assessments of environmental risk and guiding air quality management strategies.