Integrated Macroscopic and Microscopic Simulation for the Design of Multimodal Hubs

The reconfiguration of railway stations into multimodal and multiservice hubs, coupled with increasing user flows, calls for more advanced design tools specifically tailored to these complex environments. In this perspective, understanding how users access and leave the station, as well as their movements within it, becomes essential for its effective design. To this end, this paper presents an integrated modelling framework that combines macroscopic and microscopic simulation to support the design and management of stations as multimodal hubs. The framework is applied to the Milano San Cristoforo railway station, a key node within Milan's public transport network. The case study demonstrates the potential of the integrated model and highlights its advantages over conventional approaches typically employed for this purpose. This research forms part of Spoke 9, Task 2.2 of the MOST project, and was developed in collaboration with the infrastructure manager Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI).