Design and fabrication of 3D microstructured scaffolds for in vitro modulation of macrophage phenotype.

Biomaterials implantation in living organisms trigger a physiological response known as foreign body reaction (FBR), characterized by the activation and recruitment of key immune cells, such as macrophages [1]. Currently, there is growing interest in tailoring the physical properties of tissues and biomaterials to enhance efficient tissue regeneration, thanks to the possibility to limit pro-inflammatory responses. Macrophages can sense mechanical cues in the surrounding microenvironment, polarizing either into a pro-inflammatory (M1) or an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype, which ultimately favors the implant’s integration and healing process. Fabricated 3D microstructures may play a crucial role in modulating immune cells and promoting an anti-inflammatory response, thereby supporting more effective tissue repair and regeneration.