Recent advances in respiratory muscle physiology and assessment

Recent advances in respiratory muscle physiology and assessment have enhanced our understanding of breathing mechanics, muscle adaptation and disease-related changes. New imaging techniques, including MRI and ultrasound, provide real-time insight into muscle structure and function. Optoelectronic plethysmography and electromyography have improved the analysis of respiratory muscle activation and coordination. Research highlights the impact of inactivity, ageing and chronic diseases like COPD on muscle performance, emphasising the importance of mitochondrial function and fibre composition. Studies on respiratory muscle fatigue and the metaboreflex reveal how breathing effort influences exercise tolerance and circulation. Emerging technologies, such as electrical impedance tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, offer promising diagnostic and monitoring capabilities. These advancements are shaping personalised treatment strategies, improving disease management and optimising mechanical ventilation and rehabilitation approaches for individuals with respiratory conditions.