Modelling of spacecraft apparent brightness A study on OneWeb constellation satellites

Artificial satellites orbiting around the Earth, under certain conditions, result to be visible even to the naked eye. The phenomenon of light pollution jeopardises the researching activities of the astronomical community: traces left by the objects are clear and evident and images for scientific purposes are damaged and deteriorated. The development of a mathematical model able to estimate the satellite's brightness is required and it represents a first step to catch all the aspects of the reflection phenomenon. The brightness model (by Politecnico di Milano) will be exploited to implement a realistic simulation of the apparent magnitude evolution and it could be used to develop an archetype of new-generation spacecraft at low light-pollution impact. Starting from classical photometry theory, which provides the expressions of radiant flux density of natural spherical bodies, the global laws describing flux densities and the associated apparent magnitude are exploited to generalise the analysis. The study is finally focused on three-dimensional objects of whatever shape which can be the best representation of the spacecraft geometry. To obtain representative results of the satellite brightness, a validation process has been carried on. The observation data of OneWeb satellites have been collected by GAL Hassin astronomical observatory, settled in Isnello, near Palermo. The observations were carried out in order to map the satellites brightness at various illumination conditions, also targeting a single satellite across its different positions on the sky (i.e., during its rise, culmination and setting). A model aiming to estimate brightness of mega-constellation satellites (developed by Politecnico di Milano) has not been developed yet.