This study analyses the form and evolutionary development of Chinese historical villages in terms of structure and morphology, based on the Italian tradition of typo-morphological research. In the 1970s, Samonà’s proposal of “morphological systems” and “morphological units” provided conceptual and operational tools for reading urban facts and landscapes for the first time and influenced the urban research between Milan and Venice. Stemming from Samonà’s observations, Pezzetti (2019a) developed two concepts to read urban form and define consistently morphological protection units in her research on the Chinese ancient village of Fenghuang (Shaanxi), namely “Latent Structures” and “Morphological Semantic Units”. The concept proved effective to identify specific composite landscape units that are composite units of meaning, which despite the recent chaotic constructions and through the diachronic historical process are still coherent with the ancient typo-morphologic structure, traces and rites. Based on the above concepts, in this paper the authors investigate a group of historical villages and their landscape in Hancheng County (Shaanxi Province). Based on fieldwork, documentary research and anthropological interviews, a series of interpretive maps were produced, included the current typological map of the entire village and agrarian structure and speculative maps of historical development. The reading of this grammar supports the operability of a consistent co-evolutionary development (Della Torre, 2019; Pezzetti, 2019a) and constant re-writing (Pezzetti, 2019b, 2020), producing a dynamic coherent morphology. Recent political changes and the infiltration of modernity have brought about changes in land supply patterns and peasant production cooperation, which have led directly to two phenomena: the “wrong sentence” resulting from the spontaneous reconstruction process in traditional Semantic Units and the simplification of the typo-morphological grammar over time. As a result, in the past three decades, the organic nature of the form has gradually disappeared at the edge and periphery, infilling the historical centre of the villages. Besides, both studies demonstrated that the grammar of the traditional organic morphological units is reinforced by reading a combination of Feng Shui concepts, numerology, ancient regulations and mechanism of land rights. The research provides a methodological basis and an operational framework for the conservation and development of Chinese traditional villages and the restoration of their traditional forms.
Lo studio analizza la forma e lo sviluppo evolutivo dei villaggi storici cinesi in termini di struttura e morfologia, basandosi sulla tradizione italiana della ricerca tipo-morfologica. Negli anni Settanta la proposta di “sistemi morfologici” e di “unità morfologiche” avanzata da Samonà fornì per la prima volta strumenti concettuali e operativi per la lettura della consistenza e del paesaggio edificato e influenzò la ricerca urbana tra le università di Milano e Venezia. Partendo dalle osservazioni di Samonà, Pezzetti (2019a), nella sua ricerca sull’antico villaggio cinese di Fenghuang (Shaanxi), ha sviluppato due concetti attraverso i quali leggere la forma urbana e stabilire unità coerenti di “protezione morfologica”, vale a dire “Strutture latenti” e “Unità semantiche morfologiche”. Il metodo si è rivelato efficace nell’individuare specifiche unità paesaggistiche complesse – unità significanti composite – che, nonostante le recenti costruzioni caotiche e gli effetti del processo storico diacronico, sono ancora coerenti con la struttura tipo-morfologica, le tracce e i riti dell’antichità. In aderenza ai concetti sopra esposti, in questo saggio gli Autori indagano un gruppo di villaggi storici e il loro paesaggio nella contea di Hancheng (provincia dello Shaanxi). Sulla base del lavoro in situ, della ricerca documentaria e delle interviste a carattere antropologico, sono state prodotte una serie di mappe interpretative, inclusa l’attuale mappa tipologica dell’intero villaggio e della struttura agraria, e mappe ragionate dello sviluppo storico. La lettura di questa “grammatica” costituisce un efficace supporto per la praticabilità di un coerente sviluppo coevolutivo (Della Torre, 2019; Pezzetti, 2019a) e di una costante riscrittura (Pezzetti, 2019b, 2020), producendo una morfologia dinamica e coerente. Le recenti trasformazioni politiche e l’infiltrazione della modernità hanno portato cambiamenti nei modelli di offerta fondiaria e nella cooperazione produttiva contadina, causa diretta di due fenomeni: una “errata formulazione”, risultante dal processo di ricostruzione spontanea in unità semantiche tradizionali e la semplificazione, nel tempo, della grammatica tipo-morfologica. Di conseguenza, negli ultimi tre decenni, la natura organica della forma è progressivamente scomparsa nelle aree marginali e periferiche, concentrandosi nel centro storico dei villaggi. Inoltre, entrambi gli studi hanno dimostrato che la “grammatica” delle unità morfologiche organiche tradizionali viene rafforzata attraverso la lettura combinata di concetti del Feng Shui, numerologia, antiche norme e meccanismi di diritto fondiario. La ricerca intende quindi fornire una base metodologica e un quadro operativo per la conservazione e lo sviluppo dei villaggi tradizionali cinesi e il ripristino delle loro forme tradizionali.
Reading the Structure of Chinese Villages through Typo-Morphological Semantic Units: the Cases of Traditional Villages in Shaanxi, China
K. Li;L. A. Pezzetti
2024-01-01
Abstract
This study analyses the form and evolutionary development of Chinese historical villages in terms of structure and morphology, based on the Italian tradition of typo-morphological research. In the 1970s, Samonà’s proposal of “morphological systems” and “morphological units” provided conceptual and operational tools for reading urban facts and landscapes for the first time and influenced the urban research between Milan and Venice. Stemming from Samonà’s observations, Pezzetti (2019a) developed two concepts to read urban form and define consistently morphological protection units in her research on the Chinese ancient village of Fenghuang (Shaanxi), namely “Latent Structures” and “Morphological Semantic Units”. The concept proved effective to identify specific composite landscape units that are composite units of meaning, which despite the recent chaotic constructions and through the diachronic historical process are still coherent with the ancient typo-morphologic structure, traces and rites. Based on the above concepts, in this paper the authors investigate a group of historical villages and their landscape in Hancheng County (Shaanxi Province). Based on fieldwork, documentary research and anthropological interviews, a series of interpretive maps were produced, included the current typological map of the entire village and agrarian structure and speculative maps of historical development. The reading of this grammar supports the operability of a consistent co-evolutionary development (Della Torre, 2019; Pezzetti, 2019a) and constant re-writing (Pezzetti, 2019b, 2020), producing a dynamic coherent morphology. Recent political changes and the infiltration of modernity have brought about changes in land supply patterns and peasant production cooperation, which have led directly to two phenomena: the “wrong sentence” resulting from the spontaneous reconstruction process in traditional Semantic Units and the simplification of the typo-morphological grammar over time. As a result, in the past three decades, the organic nature of the form has gradually disappeared at the edge and periphery, infilling the historical centre of the villages. Besides, both studies demonstrated that the grammar of the traditional organic morphological units is reinforced by reading a combination of Feng Shui concepts, numerology, ancient regulations and mechanism of land rights. The research provides a methodological basis and an operational framework for the conservation and development of Chinese traditional villages and the restoration of their traditional forms.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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