Numerical design and experimental validation of a 3D-printed composite energy-storage-and-return prosthetic foot

The currently available prosthetic feet for amputees with high ambulation potential are difficult to access by the majority of amputees due to their high cost. This is especially since the majority of amputations are found among people with low economic status. This is because such prostheses are mostly made by a time-consuming approach (i.e., lamination) and expensive materials (i.e., carbon fiber composites). Relying on additively manufactured composites can possibly lead to low-cost, yet high-functioning prostheses to serve potentially active amputees. This work aimed to develop continuous fiber-reinforced additively manufactured prostheses and validate their ability to store and return elastic energy, which indicates their comfort and responsiveness. Mechanical tests replicating the critical stages of the gait cycle were performed on the prostheses, which enabled the estimation of the Energy Storage and Return (ESR) capability. Test results were assessed based on pre-defined design...