Unlocking the interactive potential of digital models with game engines and visual programming for inclusive Vr and web-based museums

In an era marked by rapid digital transformation, the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage increasingly depend on advanced technologies to convey both its tangible and intangible values, whether on-site or remotely. Monuments, archaeological sites, historical centres, and museums are progressively recognising the transformative potential of extended reality (XR) technologies. Among these, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a particularly effective tool for communicating information and engaging visitors. These technologies facilitate the creation of immersive, interactive experiences that provide access to vast datasets, often difficult to explore within the limitations of physical settings. This study investigates these emerging paradigms, specifically focusing on the roles played by digital surveying, data interpretation, Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM), and visual programming languages (VPL) in developing innovative VR solutions. These advancements allow for the transformation of static BIM into dynamic interactive virtual environments (IVE) and virtual objects (IVO), which respond to user input in real-time, thereby fostering engaging and dynamic digital experiences. A case study of the Ospedale Maggiore in Milan—designed by Filarete in the mid-15th century and currently housing the University of Milan—serves as an exemplary model of the potential of these technologies. A VR platform and a WebVR application have been developed, enabling users to immerse themselves in a virtual environment enriched by virtual-visual storytelling (VVS). This narrative approach integrates textual information, audio, and 3D animations to enhance the user's experience (UX) and provide a multifaceted understanding of the site’s historical and cultural significance. By supporting a diverse range of devices—including desktop computers, VR headsets, and mobile phones and tablets—these solutions aim to expand accessibility, foster inclusivity, and promote a deeper, more immersive engagement with cultural heritage. The project not only enhances the visitor experience but also advances the role of digital technologies in democratising access to and understanding of cultural and historical resources.