A comprehensive framework for living wall design: Bridging standards, current approaches, and unexplored frontiers in architectural and structural practices

In recent years, policymakers worldwide have emphasized innovative solutions for urban challenges, guided by initiatives like the UN's Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal. Nature-based solutions (NBS) play a crucial role in addressing climate issues and improving urban well- being. With urban areas witnessing a surge in NBS demand due to their dense populations, initiatives like green wall technologies, such as Living Walls (LW), are becoming more prevalent. However, integrating vegetation onto buildings presents complexities requiring structured support. This research aims to establish a robust foundation for LW design by combining existing standards, exploring current approaches, and pushing architectural and structural practices. It seeks to provide comprehensive guidelines for LW design to enhance efficacy, durability, and safety while preventing errors. Notably, existing global guidance lacks uniformity, necessitating a detailed European guide for LW design and maintenance. The methodology involves consolidating global guidelines and analysing current LW solutions to identify guidance gaps. Anticipated outcomes include foundational guidelines for architects and structural designers to improve LW processes, guiding further research and testing for advanced LW practices.