Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Park&Ride Stations

With the growing attention to the CO2 emissions reduction linked to the agreements stipulated at the last COP and to the targets proposed by the EU, the replacement of the vehicle fleet from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) towards Electric Vehicles (EVs) is underway, with the goal of net zero emissions for 2050. However, the massive decarbonisation of the private transport sector risks to generate a problem of excessive stress on the electric grid, if charging phases are not considered in a logic of flexibility, especially in case of multiple vehicle connections. With the aim of maximizing the benefits generated by the change from ICE vehicles to EVs, while minimizing the network unreliability risks, this work presents a multiple-scenario of EVs throughput case study applied to a Park and Ride (P&R) station, located in Malmö, Sweden. In the study, 100 EVs provided of 100 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) are considered to analyse the power profile of the P&R system as worst case, while 50 are supposed as best case. The proposed structure aims to achieve self-sustainability with clean energy through the help of PV system. In the case study, two algorithms (load balancing and cost optimization) are proposed, first separately, then integrated and finally combined with V2G technology. In order to make the work reliable, both the optimal case and the worst-case condition are analysed, underlining the importance of smart charging for deferrable loads such as EVs.