Integration of Parking Lot Capacity in Retail Energy and Reserve Market Mechanism

The fast-paced proliferation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), including the aggregated capacity of electric vehicles and renewable generation sources on the day-ahead market clearance mechanism, has deteriorated the complexity of grid operation, especially at the distribution level. This study delves into a novel framework to perceive the insight into the interactions between the Distribution System Operator (DSO) and the Parking Lots (PLs), aiming to determine the power flow effectively and to estimate the charging and discharging profiles. Hence, a bi-level optimization model associated with the operational condition of DSO and parking lots aiming to minimize the costs subject to the prevailing technical and economic constraints is proposed. The suggested bi-level model seeks the equilibrium point regarding the mathematical constraints and optimality conditions by employing the Salp meta-heuristic algorithm. The results imply that the correlation between parking lots and DSO goals is the decisive factor in optimal scheduling and equilibrium point.