A Versatile Approach to Electrochemical In Situ Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Application to a Complex Model Catalyst

We present a new technique for investigating complex model electrocatalysts by means of electrochemical in situ ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS). Using a specially designed miniature capillary device, we prepared a three-electrode electrochemical cell in a thin-layer configuration and analyzed the active electrode/electrolyte interface by using "tender" X-ray synchrotron radiation. We demonstrate the potential of this versatile method by investigating a complex model electrocatalyst. Specifically, we monitored the oxidation state of Pd nanoparticles supported on an ordered Co3O4(111) film on Ir(100) in an alkaline electrolyte under potential control. We found that the Pd oxide formed in the in situ experiment differs drastically from the one observed in an ex situ emersion experiment at similar potential. We attribute these differences to the decomposition of a labile palladium oxide/hydroxide species after emersion. Our experiment demonstrates the potential of our approach and the importance of electrochemical in situ AP-XPS for studying complex electrocatalytic interfaces.