Tariff-based regulatory sandboxes for EV smart charging: Impacts on the tariff and the power system in a national framework

Electrification of private transport is a fundamental step for decarbonizing mobility. Electric vehicles (EV) can be a burden for the power system if vehicle-grid integration is not implemented by design. Market-based smart charging projects are effective, but their massive diffusion is limited. A fundamental instrument toward a large adoption of smart charging is the inclusion of smart charging-oriented measures in regulatory sandboxes, conveniently acting on electricity tariff. This paper presents a set of possible toolboxes for smart charging to show the potential that regulatory measures can have on steering the infrastructure deployment and the charging activity. Each proposed toolbox addresses a specific charging mode, including domestic, workplace, and public access charging. Proposed measures are target-oriented and evaluated based on their environmental, technical, and economic impacts. These include the carbon footprint of the electricity used for EV charging, the impact in terms of peak power withdrawal from the public grid and the charging cost born by EV users. Additionally, the assessment about the impact of prospected measures on the electricity tariffs' income is provided. Results show the possibility of reducing the evening EV-related peak load by 30% to 50% via home smart charging. Also, a 10% decrease in carbon footprint is achieved by valley-filling with work charging. Charging at the destination can reduce the system cost for the new distribution infrastructure, dropping the number of new dedicated connection points for public charging. The cost of incentives is partially repayable considering the additional EV penetration fostered by the reduced charging costs.