A multi-node, multi-vector, and multi-sector integrated energy system model to assess net-zero CO2 emission scenarios at a country scale

A crucial aspect in the transition towards decarbonisation is the need for integration of energy resources and infrastructures. This involves intertwined processes for low-carbon energy vectors conversion, synergies in the use of renewable and biogenic sources, and novel solutions for transport and storage. Within such perspective, this work adopts a linear modelling approach to represent the integrated multi-sector energy system at a country scale with a multi-node spatial resolution, and studies cost-optimal configurations in a multi-vector scenario. The model considers the hourly balances of the energy vectors and tracks the CO2 flows, introducing the target of net-zero emissions. As case study, a 2050 Italian scenario is assessed, considering demand from civil, industry, and transportation, and exploiting domestic resources, conversion devices, and import. The resulting required generation and storage capacities are extremely high (up to 20x today’s installations) and in general positively impacted by sector and vector integration. The use of biogenic sources is always saturated, favouring electricity generation over biofuel production, and carbon capture and sequestration is also needed to fulfil the net-zero emission target.