Explicit online least costly energy management for hybrid electric vehicles

In this paper, a numerical solution to the online least costly energy management problem for hybrid electric vehicles is illustrated. The key idea is that the optimal control problem corresponding to the least costly energy management task is here solved for different steady-state working points, so that explicit quasi-optimal power split maps suitable for realtime vehicle operation can be derived. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown within a simulation environment for the control of an extended range electric bus.