The Apartment (1960), directed by Billy Wilder (born Samuel Wilder, 1906-2002) from a screenplay that he wrote in collaboration with I.A.L. Diamond (born Iţek Domnici, 1920-1988), is one of the director’s most bitter and melancholic, but also tenderly romantic films. The Apartment was also a great success; it received 10 Academy Awards nominations and won 5 Academy Awards. Described by critics as a morbid and disillusioned work, in which “they all get drunk, have sex [except the protagonist], or pass themselves off for what they are not in a series of physical or mental closures each more squalid than the next” (Simsolo 2011, 69), the film is centered on the misadventures of a bachelor, owner of a small apartment that he lends to the managers of the company which employs him for their extramarital affairs. In exchange, the office clerk Calvin Clifford (C. C.) “Bud” Baxter (played by Jack Lemmon) is guaranteed a series of advancements in his career, physically symbolized first by a glass cubicle, then by an elegant private room on the upper floors of the corporation building and, above all, by the passkey of the managers’ washroom. The fantasy of social success drives the whole story, but in reality, the film speaks of the desires —manifest, latent, hidden— that shape people’s lives and find expression in a succession of repercussions, lies and manipulations played out on different film sets: from the open-plan office of the anonymous corporation at which the accountant works to his tiny pad, passing through an elevator (“inhabited” by the young Fran Kubelik, played by Shirley MacLaine), misunderstandings in the bar and a New Year party; and ending, finally, in that little flat. While the ending seems to be a happy one – C. C. “Buddy” Baxter is reunited with his beloved Fran –, in reality, the couple we see playing gin rummy in the final scene of the film are “two people without jobs who have lost all their illusions, rejecting every compromise, and find themselves on the margins of society. Because those who are not willing to submit to the logic of power lose any hope of climbing its ladder” (Simsolo 2011, 73). The inner lives of the protagonists are revealed through several everyday objects – the telephone and a Rolodex card file, a record player and a television, a fresh flower pinned on a uniform, two kinds of headgear (a trilby and a black bowler hat) and two keys, two mirrors (the broken mirror of Fran’s compact and the mirror of Baxter’s bathroom), a tennis racquet – that, in the guise of Lacanian "objets petits autres," represent the bodily fetishes of desire, illusion and disappointment. Each time, the relationship between those objects and the people is underlined by different types of interior, domestic and public, that become so many “frames” of their interiorities, surfacing from the play of reflections and allusions that brings the whole story to life. It is no coincidence that Billy Wilder, a man who knew something about the architecture of his time, and the production designer and art director Alexandre Trauner (1906-1993), trained as an artist, used some technical stratagems to magnify or shrink the settings in which the scenes took place, to emphasize their pathos. The essay unfolds through a sequence of frames, each of which connects an interior, an "object petit autre", and the story's protagonists to present a series of revelations of their inner lives. The essay also outlines the social and historical context of the film —the post-war United States, the rise of the middle class, jobs in the service industry and white-collar workers— and its reconstruction as a film set (the open-plan office, the cubicle office, the elevator, the apartment). Dedicated to the relationship between interior space and interiority in film and stage fiction, the essay uses an original approach of critical enquiry on the subject, with references to psychology (Jacques Lacan) and the phenomenology of space and architectural criticism. The research objectives, their scientific value and the specialist literature used are clearly set out, as are the critical results achieved. The essay, published as a collective volume in English and by an internationally recognised publisher in the academic field, can be considered to have a high impact on the international scientific community.
L'appartamento (1960), diretto da Billy Wilder (nato Samuel Wilder, 1906-2002) da una sceneggiatura scritta in collaborazione con I.A.L. Diamond (nato Iţek Domnici, 1920-1988), è uno dei film più amari e malinconici, ma anche teneramente romantici, del regista. L'appartamento è stato anche un grande successo: ha ricevuto 10 nomination agli Oscar e ha vinto 5 premi Oscar. Descritto dalla critica come un'opera morbosa e disillusa, in cui “tutti si ubriacano, fanno sesso [tranne il protagonista], o si spacciano per quello che non sono in una serie di chiusure fisiche o mentali una più squallida dell'altra” (Simsolo 2011, 69), il film è incentrato sulle disavventure di uno scapolo, proprietario di un piccolo appartamento che presta ai dirigenti dell'azienda che lo assume per le loro relazioni extraconiugali. In cambio, all'impiegato Calvin Clifford (C.C.) “Bud” Baxter (interpretato da Jack Lemmon) viene garantita una serie di avanzamenti di carriera, simboleggiati fisicamente prima da un cubicolo di vetro, poi da un'elegante stanza privata ai piani superiori dell'edificio della società e, soprattutto, dalla chiave del bagno dei dirigenti. La fantasia del successo sociale guida l'intera storia, ma in realtà il film parla dei desideri - manifesti, latenti, nascosti - che plasmano la vita delle persone e trovano espressione in un susseguirsi di ripercussioni, bugie e manipolazioni giocate su diversi set cinematografici: dall'ufficio open space dell'anonima società in cui lavora il contabile al suo minuscolo appartamento, passando per un ascensore (“abitato” dalla giovane Fran Kubelik, interpretata da Shirley MacLaine), gli equivoci al bar e una festa di Capodanno; per finire in quel piccolo appartamento. Mentre il finale sembra essere lieto - C. C. “Buddy” Baxter si ricongiunge con la sua amata Fran -, in realtà la coppia che vediamo giocare a ramino nella scena finale del film è composta da “due persone senza lavoro che hanno perso tutte le loro illusioni, rifiutando ogni compromesso, e si ritrovano ai margini della società. Perché chi non è disposto a sottomettersi alle logiche del potere perde ogni speranza di salire la sua scala sociale” (Simsolo 2011, 73). La vita interiore dei protagonisti viene svelata attraverso una serie di oggetti quotidiani - il telefono e un schedario Rolodex, un giradischi e un televisore, un fiore fresco appuntato su una divisa, due tipi di copricapo (un trilby e una bombetta nera) e due chiavi, due specchi (lo specchio rotto del compattino di Fran e lo specchio del bagno di Baxter), una racchetta da tennis - che, nella veste di “objets petits autres” lacaniani, rappresentano i feticci corporei del desiderio, dell'illusione e della delusione. Il rapporto tra questi oggetti e le persone è sottolineato, di volta in volta, da diversi tipi di interni, domestici e pubblici, che diventano altrettante “cornici” delle loro interiorità, affiorando dal gioco di riflessi e allusioni che dà vita all'intera storia. Non è un caso che Billy Wilder, un uomo che conosceva bene l'architettura del suo tempo, e lo scenografo e direttore artistico Alexandre Trauner (1906-1993), di formazione artistica, abbiano utilizzato una serie di stratagemmi tecnici per ingrandire o rimpicciolire gli ambienti in cui si svolgevano le scene, al fine di sottolinearne il pathos. Il saggio si snoda attraverso una sequenza di fotogrammi, ognuno dei quali collega un interno, un “objet petit autre” e i protagonisti della storia, in modo da presentare una serie di rivelazioni della loro vita interiore. Il saggio delinea anche il contesto sociale e storico del film - gli Stati Uniti del dopoguerra, l'ascesa della classe media, i posti di lavoro nel terziario e i colletti bianchi - e la sua ricostruzione come set cinematografico (l'ufficio open space, l'ufficio a cubicoli, l'ascensore, l'appartamento). Il saggio, dedicato alla relazione fra spazio interno e interiorità nella finzione cinematografica e scenografica, utilizza un approccio originale di indagine critica relativamente al tema, con riferimenti alla psicologia (Jacques Lacan), oltre che alla fenomenologia dello spazio e alla critica architettonica. Gli obiettivi della ricerca, il loro valore scientifico, la letteratura specialistica utilizzata sono esposti in modo chiaro, così come i risultati critici raggiunti. Il saggio, pubblicato in volume collettaneo in lingua inglese e da un editore internazionalmente riconosciuto in ambito accademico, può essere considerato di elevato impatto sulla comunità scientifica internazionale.
Framing interiorities: Interiors, objects, and hidden desires in Billy Wilder's "The Apartment"
Forino
2021-01-01
Abstract
The Apartment (1960), directed by Billy Wilder (born Samuel Wilder, 1906-2002) from a screenplay that he wrote in collaboration with I.A.L. Diamond (born Iţek Domnici, 1920-1988), is one of the director’s most bitter and melancholic, but also tenderly romantic films. The Apartment was also a great success; it received 10 Academy Awards nominations and won 5 Academy Awards. Described by critics as a morbid and disillusioned work, in which “they all get drunk, have sex [except the protagonist], or pass themselves off for what they are not in a series of physical or mental closures each more squalid than the next” (Simsolo 2011, 69), the film is centered on the misadventures of a bachelor, owner of a small apartment that he lends to the managers of the company which employs him for their extramarital affairs. In exchange, the office clerk Calvin Clifford (C. C.) “Bud” Baxter (played by Jack Lemmon) is guaranteed a series of advancements in his career, physically symbolized first by a glass cubicle, then by an elegant private room on the upper floors of the corporation building and, above all, by the passkey of the managers’ washroom. The fantasy of social success drives the whole story, but in reality, the film speaks of the desires —manifest, latent, hidden— that shape people’s lives and find expression in a succession of repercussions, lies and manipulations played out on different film sets: from the open-plan office of the anonymous corporation at which the accountant works to his tiny pad, passing through an elevator (“inhabited” by the young Fran Kubelik, played by Shirley MacLaine), misunderstandings in the bar and a New Year party; and ending, finally, in that little flat. While the ending seems to be a happy one – C. C. “Buddy” Baxter is reunited with his beloved Fran –, in reality, the couple we see playing gin rummy in the final scene of the film are “two people without jobs who have lost all their illusions, rejecting every compromise, and find themselves on the margins of society. Because those who are not willing to submit to the logic of power lose any hope of climbing its ladder” (Simsolo 2011, 73). The inner lives of the protagonists are revealed through several everyday objects – the telephone and a Rolodex card file, a record player and a television, a fresh flower pinned on a uniform, two kinds of headgear (a trilby and a black bowler hat) and two keys, two mirrors (the broken mirror of Fran’s compact and the mirror of Baxter’s bathroom), a tennis racquet – that, in the guise of Lacanian "objets petits autres," represent the bodily fetishes of desire, illusion and disappointment. Each time, the relationship between those objects and the people is underlined by different types of interior, domestic and public, that become so many “frames” of their interiorities, surfacing from the play of reflections and allusions that brings the whole story to life. It is no coincidence that Billy Wilder, a man who knew something about the architecture of his time, and the production designer and art director Alexandre Trauner (1906-1993), trained as an artist, used some technical stratagems to magnify or shrink the settings in which the scenes took place, to emphasize their pathos. The essay unfolds through a sequence of frames, each of which connects an interior, an "object petit autre", and the story's protagonists to present a series of revelations of their inner lives. The essay also outlines the social and historical context of the film —the post-war United States, the rise of the middle class, jobs in the service industry and white-collar workers— and its reconstruction as a film set (the open-plan office, the cubicle office, the elevator, the apartment). Dedicated to the relationship between interior space and interiority in film and stage fiction, the essay uses an original approach of critical enquiry on the subject, with references to psychology (Jacques Lacan) and the phenomenology of space and architectural criticism. The research objectives, their scientific value and the specialist literature used are clearly set out, as are the critical results achieved. The essay, published as a collective volume in English and by an internationally recognised publisher in the academic field, can be considered to have a high impact on the international scientific community.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Screen Interiors - Chapter 8 - Imma Forino.pdf
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