Numerical Approach to Study the Behavior of an Artificial Ventricle: Fluid–Structure Interaction Followed By Fluid Dynamics With Moving Boundaries

Heart failure is a progressive and often fatal pathology among the main causes of death in the world. An implantable total artificial heart (TAH) is an alternative to heart transplantation. Blood damage quantification is imperative to assess the behavior of an artificial ventricle and is strictly related to the hemodynamics, which can be investigated through numerical simulations. The aim of this study is to develop a computational model that can accurately reproduce the hemodynamics inside the left pumping chamber of an existing TAH (Carmat-TAH) together with the displacement of the leaflets of the biological aortic and mitral valves and the displacement of the pericardium-made membrane. The proposed modeling workflow combines fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations based on a fixed grid method with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In particular, the kinematics of the valves is accounted for by means of a dynamic mesh technique in the CFD. The comparison between FSI- and CFD-calculated velocity fields confirmed that the presence of the valves in the CFD model is essential for realistically mimicking blood dynamics, with a percentage difference of 2% during systole phase and 13% during the diastole. The percentage of blood volume in the CFD simulation with a shear stress above the threshold of 50 Pa is less than 0.001%. In conclusion, the application of this workflow to the Carmat-TAH provided consistent results with previous clinical studies demonstrating its utility in calculating local hemodynamic quantities in the presence of complex moving boundaries.