Drawing, modelling and 3D printing in architecture and construction: new practices for architectural design innovation, between material and immaterial

The paper investigates the potential advantages and the implications of the more recent instruments of digital drawing and modelling, fast prototyping and additive manufacturing (“3d printing”) in the field of architecture and construction, starting from the analysis of the fastly updating current experimentations and the overall state of the art. Digital drawings, modelling and 3D printing systems on the one hand can open up new horizons of creative possibilities, because the only constraints are those imposed by the structural and mechanical behaviour of the construction materials and, of course, the functionality of the built shape. On the other hand they guarantee many advantages in terms of increased customisation, more effective use of materials, reduced construction time and reduced labour on site, with the general goal of delivering tailored solutions at reduced costs, allowing a just-in-time management of the supply chain. While considering the substantial limitations and the current difficulties of these production systems, the paper intends to highlight how digital modelling, rapid prototyping, 3D printers, non-standardized production methods and construction automation allow the development of a new “digital craftsmanship”. Within this scenario, 3D printing plays a significant role. It can be used not only to produce architectural and concept models useful to represent a project, but also for the production of the customised pieces and components of the building itself. BIM software and free-form modelling software enable to design directly in a three-dimensional environment, by building a 3D model into a virtual space, whereby two-dimensional drawings are obtained (reversing a procedure that was established for centuries). In this way, it will soon be possible to have continuity and greater control over all phases of the project, from the ideation to engineering, to the realization of the physical 3D printed model, up to the production of building components with file-to-factory processes.